The SITUATION of sociology in Iran is PROBLEMATIC,the studies have never explained the process of this SITUATION. To study this PROBLEMATIC SITUATION, we used the method of conditional/consequential matrix. According to the research findings, the core category leading to this was a lack of formal recognition of sociology. The lack of formality of sociology in the general sense was due to the lack of recognition of several categories, including the lack of social recognition of sociology, and the lack of recognition of sociological criteria. This SITUATION, at the micro-level, is related to scientific communities and sociological actors,at the intermediate level, it is connected to public and academic knowledge,at the macro level, it is related to economic, political, and ideological fields,at the super macro level, it is connected to the international order, the oil state, and the experience of modernity.

Background: Many of health system services are done in clinical counseling. A patient’s expectation of clinical consultation and physician office visits is to obtain diagnostic-remedial results, while such an expectation can be fulfilled only through an active relationship between the doctor and the patient. The aim of this study is to evaluate the quality of doctor- patient interaction in an educational clinic in southern Iran. Methods: This is a conversation analysis based on critical approach. So, 33 clinical consultations were analyzed critically. Results: Results showed that paternalistic model is the overall pattern in consultations. This leads to limitation of the patients’ opportunity to participate in their diagnosis and treatment. Powers’ asymmetrical relations lead to conditions in which physicians determine the clinical counseling process. Also, physicians determine the subject of consultation in the counseling period. In this SITUATION, the patients’ concerns were ignored. This ignorance leads to the patients’ suppression in PROBLEMATIC SITUATIONs. The main point is that the clinical counseling occurs in one general contract that is unwritten but has been known for the two sides of interaction. Conclusion: Clinical counseling can be an active consultation when it included the symmetrical distribution of power and the patient has an active participation in the consultation. Therefore, the new patient-centered approaches can be an appropriate model for access to a type of consultation based on symmetrical power distribution between physician and patient.

To live in a non-excellent city, is a PROBLEMATIC SITUATION for excellent men. But, which style of life would be the best style for excellent men who live in non-excellent cities? The Moslem Philosophers have different approaches to this question. Among them, al-Farabi, as the founder of Islamic philosophy, advised three choices: going out of the non-excellent cities to an excellent city, living as a stranger in a non-excellent city, or, preferring death instead of life. Avicenna, recommends virtues men to build their cities in the periphery of the non-excellent city, far away from the center. Against him, Avempace’s theory focuses on the idea that virtues men’s happiness should be realized in non-excellent cities. Ibn Tufayl (Abu Baser) in his tale, Hayy Ibn Yaqdhan (Alive, Son of Awake) man is a lost being that tries to find him “self” by a particular kind of knowledge which leads him to excellent SITUATION in society. Comparing these theories reveals that relation between “individual” and “society” is PROBLEMATIC and complicated. In fact, compliance with conventions, rules, or laws of non-excellent cities is in the center of these theories.

Introduction Reitberger attributes the formation of international organizations to three "problem-centered", "cognitive", and "hegemonic" positions. Atheory is a general theory of all organizations, regardless of the type of membership, geographical area, governmental/nongovernmental, organizational function, and claims to explain the development of different types of organization, but it can be concluded by studying other types of international organizations. The difference that each of Rittberger's different levels of influence play has a major role in the nature, continuity, and the democratization of the relevant international organizations. The question in this article is to determine. What are the essential characteristics of the organization in the process of forming the Shanghai Cooperation Organization? In the answer to the new hypothesis It is true that all three Rittberger positions are influential in the formation of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, but because of the superiority of the role of "hegemonic position" and later "PROBLEMATIC position" over "cognitive positioning" of a transient, undemocratic nature over others. Organizations are predominantly cognitive based...

Multi-methodology is a term used by Critical Operations Researchers for combining several OR methodologies in an intervention in different PROBLEMATIC SITUATIONs. They believe that, even though OR methodologies are rooted in the different paradigms, they can be used as alternatives or complementary in a same intervention considering their weakness and advantages. In this paper, we have tried to improve the multi-methodology framework developed by other researchers using the Social Network Analysis approach, as well as the capabilities of the UCINET and NetDraw software packages. So, we have determined the complementary and alternative OR methodologies founded in the different paradigms and schools for the domestic dimensions of PROBLEMATIC SITUATION in Iran. Calculation of concepts such as degree centrality, isolated points and etc. have shown the most powerful Operations Research methodologies and the gaps exist in OR methodologies, as well as the fields necessary to be improved. Application of the results will be useful for Operations Researchers.

Some of the political observers and researchers consider federalism as an effective way for solving the problem of establishment of nation-state in societies which have multiple ethnic, religious and race structure. Iraq, being a multi-ethnic and religious country, on the basis of article four of the provisional constitution and article one of the permanent constitution chose federalism as its form of government in post Saddam era. In spite of these provisions, there still exists a PROBLEMATIC condition about the future of federalism in Iraq and the reason is due to certain innovations and ambiguities in Iraqi constitution and also legal and political problems about federation in that country.The present article examines these ambiguities and innovations. The article also shows that Iraqis have not used the positive experience of other federal systems. There also exist practical problems like geographical-territorial conditions, the problem of contending discourse about the place of Kurdistan in Iraqi political system. The above problems had led to a shaky position for Iraqi federalism and thus federalism is facing several challenges and problems.

Objective: Providing correct answers to unproperly defined problems is a strategic error that may make policy-making systems fail. The first crucial step in policy analysis is the effective recognition of PROBLEMATIC SITUATIONs. Policies on basic food products are of significance to all countries, and livestock food products stand among the most important basic products in Iran. The objective of this study is to examine and analyze the current state of the livestock policy in Iran, specifically from the viewpoint of the issue owner, the Iranian Ministry of Agriculture. Methods The research data, collected through conducting interviews and reviewing documents, were analyzed utilizing the thematic analysis and the ‎Diagnosing Policy Problem SITUATIONs ‎Model by Thissen (2013). Results First, the institutional arrangements dominating the problem SITUATION were extracted. Then, referring to the problem owner, i. e., the Ministry of Agriculture of Iran, the problem SITUATION model was explained. In the ‎next step, the comprehensive problem SITUATION system was re-defined using the Ishikawa (cause and effect) diagrams, ‎ the objectives tree, and causal analysis. Alternative policy ‎solutions were extracted by a means-ends diagram‏. ‎ An objectives tree diagram was used to clarify the goals and anticipated outcomes of the policy. Additionally, a causal analysis diagram was utilized to identify the relationships between variables within the policy problem SITUATION model. Ultimately, the comprehensive livestock policy problem SITUATION model of Iran was restructured. Conclusion The regulation of the market is regarded as the primary component of the livestock policy problem SITUATION. Nonetheless, other significant components also contribute to ensuring sustainable food security, with strengthening production in the domestic supply chain being one of them. To achieve food security and further goals such as public health and welfare, independence, national security, and progress, Iran needs to adopt a new perspective on the issue. The livestock policy problem SITUATION model encompasses the sustainable food security system as its primary comprehensive system, which consists of two additional subsystems. These subsystems include enhancing domestic production within the supply chain and implementing effective consumption management strategies. To attain the goals outlined in the livestock policy, including sustainable food security, public health and welfare, national independence and security, and economic growth, it is crucial to adopt a broader perspective and implement alternative policies, all while taking into account external factors. The current study effectively utilized the policy analysis model and demonstrated its efficacy in addressing a significant and real issue in Iran.